that branch of agriculture which is given to the production of milk and its various products. Dairying has always been given some attention on farms, and in Denmark and Holland it has been the leading agricultural occupation for a long time. Dairying as a distinct occupation in the United States has developed since 1860, the year in which the first cheese factory was built. Dairying is carried on for three purposes--selling milk, making butter and making cheese. Milk is sold to supply the consumers in cities and for the purpose of making condensed milk. It was formerly supposed that dairying could be carried on with profit only within a limited section of the country and during the summer months; but the use of scientific methods has shown that, with proper care, good butter and cheese can be made in nearly all parts of North America, and that dairying can be made profitable during the entire year. The greatest care is necessary in the selection and feeding of the cows. By means of a milk tester, the dairyman is enabled to determine the quality of milk from each cow, and by weeding out the inferior animals and supplying their places with those of higher grade, he can bring his herd to the highest standard of excellence. In summer the cows are pastured and also fed rations of some green crop or of bran and meal. In winter they are fed hay, corn, silage and bran and meal. The by-products of milk are skim milk, butter-milk and whey. These are usually mixed with meal and fed to swine. Whey and skim milk are also used extensively in the manufacture of milk sugar. The United States is the leading dairy country of the world. It contains about nineteen million cows, produces each year nearly one and one-fourth billion gallons of milk, makes one billion four hundred ninety-five million pounds of butter, two hundred ninety-nine million pounds of cheese and over one hundred eighty-five million pounds of condensed milk. The total value of the annual dairy products of the country is about five hundred ninety-one million dollars.