Side-grafting is employed for inserting scions without cutting away the head of the stock. It is useful for propagating plants, and also for supplying, where deficient, a branch or stem to any part of a tree. There are two systems of Side-grafting: one, by placing a simple, or occasionally a based, branch under the bark, and the other, by inserting branches in clefts cut in the alburnum. A side-graft under the bark may either consist of a branch, having what is termed a shooting-bud, or it may possess one that is dormant. If the former is selected, a branch of the previous year forms the scion, which should be inserted about April, when the sap is flowing. Grafts with dormant buds are made from wood of the current year, and put in about August or September, to develop the following year. The scion may be prepared for the side of an upright stock by making a long splice-cut in the lower part, taking care to render it smooth throughout, and thin at the point. Incisions, not penetrating the alburnum, are then made in the stock, and the scion inserted, in much the same manner as a bud, tied in, and covered with clay or wax. On horizontal branches, the stock may have a notch cut, and a portion of the bark raised nearer the tree, the scion b being prepared to fit, as shown at c. It will be observed that Double-grafting on established fruit-trees of inferior quality might be largely practised, if desired, by this method. Side-grafting in the alburnum, with an oblique or vertical cleft, is more especially adapted for evergreens, when the operation is performed, under glass, in February, or the latter part of summer.