pan, (1737-1809), the author of The Rights of Man and The Age of Reason. He was the son of a Quaker staymaker of Norfolk, England. He learned his father's trade, but tried his hand at various callings, including service as a marine, a collector of excise, a teacher of English, a Methodist preacher, and a debater of local political problems. He was a man of extreme views and vigorous expression, a strenuous advocate of the rights of the common people. "Where liberty is not, there is my country," said he. At the age of thirty-six, he crossed the Atlantic with the avowed purpose of stirring up the Americans to resist the tyrannical government of the mother country. He carried a letter of introduction to Benjamin Franklin. During the early stages of the Revolution, when the colonists had become discouraged, he issued a pamphlet called Common Sense. It appeared January 1, 1776, and is admitted by well informed writers to have been a turning point in the history of the struggle. Such was his zeal for the American cause that he served in Washington's army as a private soldier, and wrote political tracts by the flickering light of the campfire. In 1777 he was made secretary of the congressional committee on foreign affairs. He began immediately the publication of a series of appeals called The Crisis. In the first number appeared the memorable words, "These are the times that try men's souls." At the close of the Revolution, he received $3,000 from Congress and a grant of 300 acres of land in the state of New York by way of reward for his services. When peace was restored America was too quiet for Paine. He sailed for Europe. At the outbreak of the French Revolution we find him occupying a seat in the national convention as representative of Calais. He voted against the execution of Louis XVI, favoring instead imprisonment for life or banishment to the United States. In this way he lost popularity with the members of the Jacobin club; and, although he had been naturalized as a French citizen, he was turned out of his seat on the score that he was a foreigner. Imprisonment followed. About this time he published his famous Age of Reason, an examination of the superstitions and theologies of the century. It reflected severely on many points of Christian belief and practice. It was, as may be imagined, severely censured by the clergy of the day. He was attacked as ignorant and atheistical. The work created a bitterness of feeling scarce possible at the present day. It alienated most of Paine's American friends. He returned to America in 1802. Washington, formerly an admirer, refused him an audience. Thomas Jefferson, however, walked the streets of the capital city with him arm in arm, "the Two Toms." At his death Paine was buried on his own farm. His remains were removed to England in 1819 by William Cobbett. Paine was a man of versatile but of one-sided, partisan mind. In designing a bridge for the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, he insisted on the patriotic number of thirteen ribs. On the occasion of Washington's farewell address, Paine wrote these words in reply: And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship, and a hypocrite in private life, the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any."